Biosynthese und Funktion von Pterinen in Pilzen und Pflanzen

Photorezeption und Signaltransduktion

Dr. Josef Maier, Prof. Dr. Helga Ninnemann


Blaulicht-stimulierte VerstΣrkung von
Konidienbanden bei Neurospora

Forschungsschwerpunkt

Pterine (Tetrahydrobiopterin, Molybdopterin, FolsΣure spielen eine wichtige Rolle als Kofaktoren von aromatischen AminosΣure-Monooxygenasen (Neurotransmitter-Biosynthese, Melanin- und Melatonin-Biosynthese) und NO-Synthase (Tetrahydrobiopterin), von Nitratreduktase (Nitrat-Assimilation), Xanthinoxidase und Aldehydoxidase (Phytohormon-Biosynthese) (Molybdopterin) sowie die FolsΣure im C1-Stoffwechsel (Purin- und AminosΣure-Biosynthesen) und als Chromophor in Blaulichtphotorezeptoren (DNA-Photolyasen und pflanzliche Blaulichtphotorezeptoren). Neben Pterinen sind auch Flavine an der Photorezeption beteiligt. Die Pteringlykoside von Cyanobakterien werden als m÷gliche UV-Schutzsubstanzen gehandelt.

Wir untersuchen Vorkommen, Biosynthese und Funktion der Pterine in Pflanzen und Pilzen - insbesondere deren Beteiligung an der Lichtsignalrezeption mittels Blaulichtphotorezeptoren und die Biochemie der Signaltransduktion bei Pilzen, Algen und h÷heren Pflanzen. Dazu werden die an der Biosynthese der Pterine beteiligten Enzyme isoliert, charakterisiert, kloniert und deren Regulation untersucht. Mit chemischen Inhibitoren und Mutanten der Pterinbiosynthese und von Signaltransduktionsschritten wird die Signalkette vom Lichtrezeptor zur physiologischen Reaktion entschlⁿsselt.

Untersuchungsobjekte sind die blaulicht-stimulierte VerstΣrkung von Konidienbanden beim Ascomyceten Neurospora crassa , die Blaulicht-Induktion von Konidienbildung beim Ascomyceten Trichoderma viride , die Photomorphogenese von Sporangiophoren beim Zygomyceten Phycomyces blakesleeanus und die Induktion der Biosynthese von Phytoalexinen bei Kartoffelknollen.

Das Vorkommen und die Funktion des in Menschen und Tieren vielfΣltig als Signalsubstanz wirkenden Stickstoffmonoxides (NO) und seines biosynthetisches Enzyms NO Synthase werden bei der Blaulichtrezeption von Pilzen und der Induktion von Pathogen-Abwehrstoffen in Pflanzen untersucht.

Methoden in der Anwendung

Zusammenarbeit :

Prof. Dr. Dr. A. Bacher, Dr. Markus Gⁿtlich, Dr. Klaus Witter, Biosynthese von Pterinen in Prokaryonten, Institut fⁿr Organische Chemie II und Biochemie, Technische UniversitΣt Mⁿnchen

Labor fⁿr Pterinforschung, Frau Dr. Ziegler, Institut fⁿr Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, GSF Mⁿnchen

Dr. Thomas Werner, Labor fⁿr DNA-Sequenzierung, Institut fⁿr SΣugetiergenetik, GSF Neuherberg

Prof. Dr. Harald H.H.W. Schmidt, Medizinische UniversitΣtsklinik Wⁿrzburg, Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie

Dr. Ulf Karsten, Wirkungen von UV-Strahlung auf marine ╓kosysteme, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Bremerhaven

Dr. Ferran Garcia-Pichel, MPI fⁿr Marine Mikrobiologie, Mikrosensor-Gruppe

Dr. Werner Manz, Technische UniversitΣt Berlin, FG Oekologie der Mikroorganismen

Prof. Dr. Paul Galland und Dr. Rainer Schmid, FB Biologie, Philipps-UniversitΣt Lahnberge

Prof. Dr. Sandro Ghisla, UniversitΣt Konstanz, FakultΣt fⁿr Biologie, Postfach 5560, D-78464 Konstanz und Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Pfleiderer, FakultΣt fⁿr Chemie, UniversitΣt Konstanz

Dr. Bernhard-Michael Mayer, Karl-Franzens-UniversitΣt Graz, Institut fⁿr Pharmakologie und Toxikologie

Prof. Dr. Benjamin A. Horwitz, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Biology

Dr. Svetlana Kryštofovß, Prof. Dr. V. Betina und Dr. L'udovicka Varecka, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Biology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slowakische Republik

Prof. Dr. Nenad Blau und Dr. Beat Th÷ny, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Schweiz.

Dr. Jennifer K. Loros und Dr. Jay C. Dunlap, Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3844, USA

Publikationen

Maier, J. and Helga Ninnemann (1997). Pteridines and photoreception - Studies on NO synthase in fungi and plants. In: Pfleiderer, W. and Rokos, H., Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines and Folates, Blackwell Scientific, Berlin, in press .

Maier, J., S. Krystofovß., T. Grether and H. Ninnemann (1997). Biosynthesis and functions of pteridines in plants, fungi and cyanobacteria. Pteridines 8 101-102.

Ninnemann, H. and J. Maier (1996) Indications for the occurrence of nitric oxide synthases in fungi and plants and the involvement in photoconidiation of Neurospora crassa . Photochem. Photobiol. 61 , 393-398.

Maier, J. and H. Ninnemann (1996) Involvement of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in photoconidiation of Neurospora crassa al-2 bd . 12th International Congress on Photobiology, Vienna, p. 266 (P87) and The Blue Light Syndrome III, Marburg, p. 79 (VI/O3).

Maier, J. and H. Ninnemann (1996) Quantification of light-promoted conidiation of Neurospora crassa bd , al-2 using a video system and densitometry software. Fungal Genet. Newslett. 43 , 68-70.

Schmid, R. and J. Maier (1996) Inhibition of pteridine biosynthesis eliminates stimulation of red-light saturated photosynthesis by blue light in Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. Annual Meeting of the British Phycological Society .

Schmid, R. and J. Maier (1996) Inhibition of pteridine biosynthesis eliminates blue-light dependent stimulation of red-light saturated photosynthesis in Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. In press.

Grether, T., J. Maier, U. Karsten, F. Garcia-Pichel and H. Ninnemann (1996) UV-light induction of biosynthesis of pteridine glycosides of cyanobacteria from microbial mats. 12th International Congress on Photobiology, Vienna, p. 306 (P246) and The Blue Light Syndrome III, Marburg, p. 114 (VIII/P1).

Kryštofovß, S., J. Maier and H. Ninnemann (1996) Biosynthesis and involvement of pteridines in photoconidiation of Trichoderma viride . 12th International Congress on Photobiology, Vienna, p. 266 (P68) and The Blue Light Syndrome III, Marburg, p. 95 (VI/P10).

Heck, I. S. and H. Ninnemann (1995) Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa : biochemical characterization of pleiotropic molybdoenzyme mutants nit-7 nit-8 nit-9A , B and C. Photochem. Photobiol. 61 , 54-60.

Ninnemann, H. (1995) Some aspects of blue light research during the last decade. Photochem. Photobiol. 61 22-31.

Ninnemann, H. (1995) Warren L. Butler - Dedication. Photochem. Photobiol. 61 , 1.

Maier, J. and H. Ninnemann (1995) Inhibition of light-dependent photomorphogenesis of sporangiophores from Phycomyces blakesleeanus by application of pteridine biosynthesis inhibitors. Photochem. Photobiol. 61 , 206-209.

Maier, J., T. Werner and H. Ninnemann (1995) Homology cloning of GTP-cyclohydrolase I from fungi and plants by reverse-transcription PCR using a general set of degenerate primers. Pteridines 6 , 112-115.

Maier, J., K. Witter, M. Gⁿtlich, I. Ziegler, T. Werner and H. Ninnemann (1995) Homology cloning of GTP-cyclohydrolase I from various unrelated eukaryotes by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction using a general set of degenerate primers. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 212 , 705-711.

Maier, J. and H. Ninnemann (1995) Biosynthesis of pteridines in Neurospora crassa , Phycomyces blakesleeanus and Euglena gracilis : detection and characterization of biosynthetic enzymes. Photochem. Photobiol. 61 , 43-53.

Maier, J. and H. Ninnemann (1993) Detection of pterins and enzymatic activities of GTP-cyclohydrolase I and sepiapterin reductase in Neurospora crassa and Phycomyces blakesleeanus . Fungal Genet Newslett 40 , 46-48.

Maier, J. and H. Ninnemann (1993) Detection and characterisation of pteridine biosynthesis enzymes in Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleeanus and Euglena gracilis. 5th Congress of the European Society for Photobiology , p. 16 (I-2/O-4).

Heck, I. and H. Ninnemann (1993) Presence of converting factor activity in molybdopterin-deficient nit -mutants of Neurospora crassa . 5th Congress of the European Society for Photobiology , p. 56 (I/P4).

Reimer, H. and H. Ninnemann (1992) Effect of light on conidiation of nit and lis mutants of Neurospora crassa grown on different nitrogen sources. Fungal Genet. Newslett. 39 , 71-72.

Kippert, F., H. Ninnemann and W. Engelmann (1991) Photosynchronization of the circadian clock of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mitochondrial cytochrome b is an essential component. Curr. Genet. 19 , 103-107.

Ninnemann, H. (1991) Participation of the molybdenum cofactor of nitrate reductase from Neurospora crassa in light-promoted conidiation. J. Plant Physiol. 137 677-682.

Ninnemann, H. (1991) Photostimulation of conidiation in mutants of Neurospora crassa . J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 9 , 189-199.

Kippert, F., W. Engelmann and H. Ninnemann (1990) Blue light both synchronizes and inhibits growth of Schizosaccharomyces pombe at low temperatures. Proceedings of the XIX International Conference of the International Society for Chronobiology .

Ninnemann, H. (1990) Modification by light of nitrite release and accumulation by Neurospora crassa . Fungal Genet. Newslett. 37 , 27-28.

Ninnemann, H. and S. Frosch (1990) Participation of pterin-molybdenum cofactor in the regulation of nitrate reductase activity and signal transduction during light-stimulated conidiation of Neurospora crass a. In Inorganic nitrogen in plants and microorganisms (Edited by W. R. Ullrich, C. Rigano, A. Fuggi and P. J. Aparicio), pp. 190-195. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Kippert, F., W. Engelmann and H. Ninnemann (1989) Blue light both synchronizes and inhibits growth of Schizosaccharomyces pombe at low temperatures. Chronobiologia 26 150.

Frosch, S. and H. Ninnemann (1988) Photomodulation of nitrate reductase activity and Mo-pterin redox-states in Neurospor a. 10th International Congress on Photobiology .

Scheideler, L. and H. Ninnemann (1988) Method for identification of intracellular free flavin species in the photosensitive fungus Neurospora crassa . Anal. Biochem. 173 , 106-110.

Pottiez, B., G. Krippahl and H. Ninnemann (1988) Quantum requirement for photoreactivation of inactivated nitrate reductase of Neurospora crassa strain al-2 bd. Bot. Acta 101 , 301-305.

Ninnemann, H. (1987) Regulation and signal transduction in nitrate reductase of Neurospora crass a. In Inorganic nitrogen metabolism (Edited by W. R. Ullrich), pp. 82-88. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Ninnemann, H. (1987) Photoregulation of eucaryotic nitrate reductase. In Blue light responses: phenomena and occurence in plants and microorganisms (Edited by S. H), pp. 17-30. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

Scheideler, L. and H. Ninnemann (1986) Nitrate reductase activity test: phenazine methosulfate-ferricyanide stop reagent replaces postassay treatment. Anal. Biochem. 154 29-33.

Ninnemann, H. (1986) Regulation and signal transduction in nitrate reductase of Neurospora crassa . In Proceedings of the Advanced Course on Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism. June 22-28, 1986. Jarandilla de la Vera, Spain (Edited by P. J. Aparicio, P. J. Syrett, W. R. Ullrich and F. Castillo).

Ninnemann, H. (1985) Warren L. Butler. 1925-1984. Biographical note. Photochem. Photobiol. 42 , 619-624.

Fritz, B. J. and H. Ninnemann (1985) Photoreactivation by triplet flavin and photoinactivation by singlet oxygen of Neurospora crassa nitrate reductase. Photochem. Photobiol. 41 39-45.

Siefermann-Harms, D., B. Fritz and H. Ninnemann (1985) Evidence for a pterin-derivative associated with the molybdenum cofactor of Neurospora crassa nitrate reductase. Photochem. Photobiol. 42 , 771-778.

Adresse

Dr. Josef Maier

Institut fⁿr Pflanzenbiochemie, Corrensstr. 41, D-72076 Tⁿbingen

Tel.: 07071-29-73052

Fax: 07071-640019

e-mail: josef.maier@uni-tuebingen.de(josef.maier@uni-tuebingen.de)


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